The concepts underpinning the RMA were based on developments in both international and local thinking over the previous 20 years. The 1972 Stockholm United Nations Conference on Environment and Development provided the first forum for international debate on concepts such as integrated environmental management and sustainable development.
A subsequent audit of New Zealand's environmental management by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in 1980, highlighted the need to improve environmental management locally. In 1981, the Nature Conservation Council prepared a report titled Integrating Conservation and Development: A Proposal for a New Zealand Conservation Strategy. This was one of the first documents to identify how the key ideas underlying the concept of sustainable development could be applied in New Zealand.
At the same time, during the early 1980s, there was a growing appreciation that key environmental legislation, including the Water and Soil Conservation Act 1967 and the Town and Country Planning Act 1977, needed to be reviewed. Later that decade, the new Labour Government began to investigate and implement institutional reform for environmental management at both the national and local government levels.
Work began on formally reviewing a number of environmental statutes in July 1988, after the Labour Government was re-elected to power. In December 1988, the government issued a proposal for a single integrated resource management statute that would replace the many existing statutory procedures. After an extensive consultation process, the Resource Management Bill was introduced into Parliament in December 1989, but the Labour Government lost power in 1990 before it was passed into law.
The new National Government decided to continue with the Bill, but first gave it to a Review Group for further consideration. As a result of the review, the minerals section was dropped from the Bill (and enacted separately as the Crown Minerals Act 1991) and other changes made. A revised Act was passed by Parliament in August 1991.
When enacted, the RMA repealed 78 statutes and regulations, and amended numerous others, to provide a single piece of legislation for the management of land, water, soil and air throughout New Zealand. The Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 subsequently replaced the hazardous substances section of the RMA, which never came into force.
Some significant resource management activities are outside the jurisdiction of the RMA, or have overlapping management regimes. These include the harvesting of fish, shellfish and seaweed stocks which are managed under the Fisheries Act 1996, the logging of indigenous forests on private land which are also managed under the Forests Act 1949 and marine pollution from ships and offshore structures which is also managed under the Maritime Transport Act 1994. The RMA does not, therefore, provide a fully integrated resource management regime.
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